Another consideration is sample error — always a challenge. Any estimate of a population has some margin of error. And some of the study data remain preliminary. For example, the CCES will release updated data after validating the votes for respondents in an effort to gain greater accuracy.
These considerations mean that the estimates below should be treated with caution. They are our best data-informed guesses. Going across the rows in Table 1, we get the breakdown by vote for those who backed each vote choice. However, as we pointed out above, there are reasons to be skeptical of reported past vote.
This would be due to some of the complications associated with voter recall of past votes. If so, this would mean the 8. When are polls open? Who Represents Me? Congress special elections Governors State executives State legislatures Ballot measures State judges Municipal officials School boards. How do I update a page? Election results. Privacy policy About Ballotpedia Disclaimers Login.
Analysis Pivot counties overview List of counties Historical voting patterns Historical voting analysis, Demographics Reverse-Pivot Counties Voter turnout Pivot Counties by state Pivot Counties in congressional districts Pivot Counties in state legislative districts Pivot Counties and ballot measures. Kyrsten Sinema [12]. Bill Nelson [12]. Tina Smith [12]. Jacky Rosen [13]. Tammy Baldwin [12]. Josh Harder [13].
TJ Cox [13]. Katie Hill [13]. Katie Porter [13]. Harley Rouda [13]. Mike Levin [13]. Ammar Campa-Najjar [13]. Joe Neguse [12]. Jason Crow [12]. Jahana Hayes [12]. Nancy Soderberg [12]. Stephanie Murphy [12]. Chris Hunter [12]. Lauren Baer [12]. Debbie Mucarsel-Powell [12].
Lucy McBath [12]. Carolyn Bourdeaux [12]. Abby Finkenauer [12]. Cindy Axne [12]. Sean Casten [13]. Brendan Kelly [13]. Betsy Londrigan [12]. Lauren Underwood [13]. Sharice Davids [12]. Ayanna Pressley [12]. Challenger [14]. Jared Golden [12]. Elissa Slotkin [12]. Haley Stevens [12]. Dan Feehan [12]. Angie Craig [12]. Dean Phillips [12]. Joe Radinovich [12]. Kara Eastman [12]. Linda Coleman.
Chris Pappas [12]. Annie Kuster [12]. Clint Koble [12]. Susie Lee [13]. Steven Horsford [13]. Andrew Kim [13]. Tom Malinowski [13]. Debra Haaland [13]. Max Rose [12]. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez [12]. Challenger [15]. Antonio Delgado [13]. Dana Balter [12]. Aftab Pureval [13]. Jill Schiller [13]. Betsy Rader [12]. Susan Moran Palmer [12]. Scott Wallace [12]. Madeleine Dean [13]. Mary Gay Scanlon [12].
Chrissy Houlahan [12]. Susan Wild [13]. Matt Cartwright [12]. Lizzie Pannill Fletcher [16]. Adrienne Bell [13]. Veronica Escobar [16]. Gina Ortiz Jones [16]. Sylvia Garcia [16]. Colin Allred [13]. Elaine Luria [12]. Abigail Spanberger [12]. Jennifer Wexton [12]. Carolyn Long [12]. Lisa Brown [12]. Kim Schrier [12]. Randy Bryce [12]. January Contreras [12]. David Garcia [12]. Gavin Newsom [13]. Eleni Kounalakis [13]. Jared Polis [13]. Dianne Primavera [13]. Phil Weiser [13]. Dave Young [12].
Jena Griswold [13]. Ned Lamont [12]. Susan Bysiewicz [12]. Andrew Gillum [12]. Christopher King [12]. Stacey Abrams [13]. Sarah Riggs Amico [13]. Pritzker [13]. Juliana Stratton [13]. Kwame Raoul [13]. Fred Hubbell [12]. Rita Hart [12]. Deidre DeJear [13]. Tim Gannon [13]. Ben Jealous [12]. Susan Turnbull [12]. Jay Gonzalez [12]. Quentin Palfrey [12]. Gretchen Whitmer [12]. Garlin Gilchrist II [12]. Timothy Walz [12].
Peggy Flanagan [12]. Open seat [17]. Steve Sisolak [18]. Kate Marshall [12]. Aaron Ford [12]. Nelson Araujo [12]. Molly Kelly [12].
Michelle Lujan Grisham [12]. Howie Morales [12]. Richard Cordray [13]. Betty Sutton [13]. Steven Dettelbach [13]. Kathleen Clyde [13]. Zack Space [13]. Rob Richardson [12]. Kate Brown [12]. Gina Raimondo [12]. Christine Hallquist [12]. Tony Evers [12]. Mandela Barnes [12]. Andi Story [12]. John Lincoln [12]. Buffy Wicks [13]. Tammy Story [13]. Jessie Danielson [13]. Brittany Pettersen [13]. Faith Winter [13].
Dylan Roberts [13]. Jeff Bridges [12]. Tony Exum [12]. Marc Snyder [12]. Lisa Cutter [12]. Open seat [19]. Dafna Michaelson Jenet [13]. Yadira Caraveo [12]. Matt Gray [12]. Kyle Mullica [12]. Shannon Bird [13]. Tom Sullivan [12]. Rochelle Galindo [13]. Barbara Hall McLachlan [12]. Julie McCluskie [13]. Christine Cohen [12]. Mary Daugherty Abrams [12]. James Maroney [12]. Jorge Cabrera [12]. Martha Marx [12]. Julie Kushner [12]. Will Haskell [12].
Jason Doucette [12]. Christine Palm [12]. Maria Horn [12]. John-Michael Parker [12]. Kara Rochelle [12]. Matt Blumenthal [12]. Kayser Enneking [12]. Janet Cruz [12]. Bob Doyel [12]. Lindsay Cross [12].
David Perez [12]. Annette Taddeo [12]. Anna Eskamani [12]. Fentrice Driskell [12]. Margaret Good [12]. Emma Collum [12]. Nick Duran [12]. Javier Fernandez [12]. Sally Harrell [12]. Zahra Karinshak [12]. The Tea Party, which was strongly opposed to abortion, gun control, and immigration, focused primarily on limiting government spending and the size of the federal government.
Obama won reelection in , but the Republicans retained their hold on the House of Representatives, and the Democratic majority in the Senate grew razor-thin. From October 1 through 16, , the United States federal government entered a shutdown and curtailed most routine operations because neither legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year nor a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year was enacted in time.
Regular government operations resumed on October 17 after an interim appropriations bill was signed into law. The tensions that would ultimately produce the shutdown began to take shape after Republicans, strengthened by the emergence of the Tea Party, won back a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives from the Democrats in Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, a Republican who had presided over Congress during the last government shutdowns 15 years earlier, said in April that if Republicans won back control of Congress in the election, they should remove any funding for the Affordable Care Act in any appropriations bills they passed.
Soon after Obama began his second term that month, a coalition of conservative activists led by former Reagan administration Attorney General Ed Meese who is also an emeritus fellow of the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation began developing plans to defund the Affordable Care Act. The conservative activists strategized that they would be able to block implementation of the Act if they could persuade congressional Republicans to threaten cutting off financing for the entire federal government.
The Republican-led House of Representatives, in part pressured by conservative senators such as Ted Cruz and conservative groups such as Heritage Action a sister organization of the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation , offered several continuing resolutions with language delaying or defunding the Affordable Care Act. The Democratic-led Senate passed several amended continuing resolutions for maintaining funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.
Political fights over this and other issues between the House on one side and President Barack Obama and the Senate on the other led to a budget impasse which threatened massive disruption. The deadlock centered on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, , which was passed by the House of Representatives on September 20, The Senate stripped the bill of the measures meant to delay the Affordable Care Act and passed it in revised form on September 27, The House reinstated the Senate-removed measures and passed it again in the early morning hours on September The Senate declined to pass the bill with measures to delay the Affordable Care Act, and the two legislative houses did not develop a compromise bill by the end of September 30, , causing the federal government to shut down due to a lack of appropriated funds at the start of the new federal fiscal year.
On October 1, , many aspects of the Affordable Care Act implementation took effect, and the health insurance exchanges created by the Act launched as scheduled. Much of the Affordable Care Act is funded by previously authorized and mandatory spending, rather than discretionary spending, and the presence or lack of a continuing resolution did not affect it.
Late in the evening of October 16, , Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act, , and the President signed it shortly after midnight on October 17, ending the government shutdown and suspending the debt limit until February 7, During the shutdown, approximately , federal employees were indefinitely furloughed put on temporary leave of absence and another 1.
The previous U. The day-long shutdown of October was the third-longest government shutdown in U. It was formed by a group of Congressmen many of whom are also part of the Republican Study Committee, another conservative House group as a smaller and more active group of conservatives. The caucus is sympathetic to the Tea Party movement. We support open, accountable and limited government, the Constitution and the rule of law, and policies that promote the liberty, safety and prosperity of all Americans.
The group started with these nine initial members, who set a criterion that new members must be willing to vote against Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed. The Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25, , and the ensuing leadership battle for the new Speaker.
Members of the Caucus who had voted against Boehner for Speaker felt unfairly punished, accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments. Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus, and he sparred with them over their willingness to shut down the government in order to accomplish goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act.
Several court ruling through the 21st century paved the way for marriage equality to be realized in Describe the path towards marriage equality from Lawrence v. Texas , to United States v. Windsor , to Obergefell v. Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court also ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act of was unconstitutional because it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
These decisions seem to allow legal challenges in all the states that persist in trying to block same-sex unions. Lawrence v. Texas was a landmark decision in which the United States Supreme Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.
The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the case Bowers v. Hardwick, where it had upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy.
Lawrence explicitly overruled Bowers, holding that it had viewed the liberty interest too narrowly. The Court held that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by substantive due process under the 14th Amendment.
Lawrence invalidated similar laws throughout the United States that criminalized sodomy between consenting adults acting in private, whatever the sex or gender of the participants.
The outcome of the case was celebrated by gay rights advocates, who hoped that further legal advances might result as a consequence. United States v. Windsor was a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.
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